There's not a lot I can do to affect the outcome of global warming or to stop the biodiversity crisis. That fact tends to keep me awake at night. However, "not a lot I can do" is not the same as "nothing I can do". I have found a way to make a difference in both crises, even if it is a small difference, and that way is right outside our home. Even better, every day I can literally see the difference I'm making.
What's making the difference? Rewilding. My husband and I are doing our best to let the land we currently steward heal itself, restore itself. Over the last 5 years, because of our restorative choices, we have gone from seeing no moths and few butterflies or native bees to seeing all of these and more regularly.
Tiny, but mighty. In this photo, the Thin-lined Calligrapher is feeding at Blue-eyed Grass (Sisyrinchium angustifolium). The larvae of this species of syrphid fly are fierce predators of aphids, while the adults pollinate flowers as they feed.
What does rewilding our yard entail? Here are the simple steps that we are taking...or not taking, as the case may be.
1. Leave the leaves. Our yard is part of the eastern deciduous forest and it has many large native trees that grew within a forest setting, so they are tall and straight with few low branches. In the fall, these trees drop LOTS of leaves, which we simply...leave. Blanketing the ground, the leaves protect the soil from erosion, hold in soil moisture, feed the trees and other plants as they decompose, and provide habitat for an amazing number of animals. While doing all of that, they also store carbon - and help store more carbon in the soil as they decompose.
As a caterpillar, this beautiful little Red-banded Hairstreak lived in the leaf litter and fed on the fallen leaves of various trees, such as wax myrtle and sumac. Here it is nectaring at Blue Mistflower (Conoclinium coelestinum), a native perennial.
2. Minimize lawn. In our case, there was no functional lawn in the yard when we moved in...so we didn't try to add one. Ours is a shaded yard, which grass doesn't like, so we're choosing not to fight that battle. If we had a lawn, we'd be managing it as a "freedom lawn", free from pesticides and fertilizers and welcoming low-growing native plants like violets and nimblewill.
3. Let native vegetation grow naturally. As new plants appear in the yard, I do my best to identify them. If they are native, I generally let them grow with little further fuss.. Some of these plants have actually been growing here for years, suppressed and invisible because of decades of mowing. Other native species have come up from the seedbank in the soil. Many natives have come from seeds deposited by birds and other animals as they move through our landscape. Plants like mayapple, frost aster, American pokeweed, rough-leaved goldenrod, nimblewill, and numerous tree and shrub seedlings have appeared "on their own" in one of these ways.
The Late Boneset (Eupatorium serotinum) in this photo is an example of a native that seeded itself into our yard. I found I loved it almost as much as this Eastern Tiger Swallowtail does, so I transplanted a second one from our daughter's yard and bought 3 more to add to the area.
4. Remove invasive plants. Perhaps surprisingly, this is an extremely valuable step. The importance of native plants is that they have co-evolved with and are eaten by native insects and other native animals, so they support animal life. Invasive plants, which are aggressive non-natives, don't get eaten and therefore have no limits on their growth and reproduction. Invasives can take over entire landscapes, smothering the native plants in the process. Think kudzu, the vine that ate the South. It's like having plastic plants as far as supporting birds and other wildlife are concerned.
The lush green grass that's carpeting this woodland floor is actually invasive Japanese Stilt Grass. An annual that seeds heavily, stilt grass rapidly takes over and suppresses almost all other vegetation. Nothing eats it, so the forest floor essentially becomes a green desert where it grows. We had a fair amount of stilt grass, which I have worked hard to suppress by hand pulling. There will always be some, but right now it's easy to keep under control as I work on other things around the yard.
5. Avoid using pesticides (including insecticides and rodenticides), fungicides, herbicides, and artificial fertilizers. ("-cide"means "to kill"). Your rewilding landscape will re-establish its own balances and counterbalances, remaining much healthier than it ever could be by using toxins and artificial chemicals within it. The only exception to this rule is the judicious use of specific herbicides, if necessary, to help remove particularly problematic invasive plant species.
Doing its best to imitate a half-eaten stem, this inchworm is one of many caterpillars that now call our yard home...that is, they call it home until they get eaten or until they pupate and change into moths or butterflies. Inchworms are the larvae of geometrid moths; this one is feeding on Rough-leaved Goldenrod. Dr. Doug Tallamy reports that 95% of all woodland birds raise their young on insects, especially caterpillars. If you want birds, you have to have caterpillars. If you want caterpillars, you can't use insecticides.
This is what happens when you "sit on your hands" and don't use insecticides. See that little orange "bug"? That's an oleander aphid on swamp milkweed...being eaten by the larva of a lacewing! There was a pretty good crowd of oleander aphids for a little while, but the lacewings and syrphid flies moved in and feasted. Within a couple days, the oleander aphids were gone. If you want lacewings and syrphid flies to do your pest control, you can't use insecticides...or even squash or wash off the aphids.
6. Plant native plants that fit our specific ecosystem community. In our eastern deciduous woodland yard, for example, we have added blueberries, beauty berries, Christmas ferns, bloodroot, mayapple, and pawpaw, among others.
Here a Variegated Fritillary is laying an egg on a decrepit looking Common Violet (8/3/24).
A case in point.....
There haven't been many, but each summer or fall I usually find a monarch caterpillar or two on the Swamp Milkweed (Asclepius tuberosa) that I have planted around the yard. I found this one and a sibling in early September. True to form, after a few days the caterpillars disappeared. I always hope they've pupated and flown off successfully, but it's rare for me to know with any certainty.
In this case, I was luckier than usual. At the end of October, I noticed this little bit of "debris" in amongst the seed heads of this Late Boneset (Eupatorium serotinum), located about 15' away from the swamp milkweed where I'd observed the monarch caterpillars 7 weeks earlier. If you look closely, you'll see that this is an empty pupa, with the monarch having successfully hatched. Presumably, by the time I found this bit of evidence, the monarch was well on its way to Mexico.
8. Learn. Then learn some more. There are so many fantastic resources these days, from books to YouTube videos, from our local native plant societies to online seminars, from native plant nurseries to websites, from podcasts to Facebook groups. Fellow wildlife gardeners and rewilders can be especially fun to learn with and from.
After years of seeing this book, I finally read it this summer - and it was amazing. It's about an English estate whose owners were losing money in traditional agriculture, so they decided to "wild" it. Even though the species discussed are British, the concepts are universal and I learned an incredible amount from reading it. I'll never look at an ancient, half dead tree the same way again.
9. Put up signage in your yard to showcase what you are working to accomplish.
We put up this "real estate" box near the road to share updates about why and how we are rewilding our yard. I try to put out new updates several times a year.
10. Share news of your discoveries and successes with others, through photos and Facebook posts and conversations. Who knows? You may even want to start your own blog!
August, 2023, was the first time we saw this beautiful species in our yard. It's called a Common Buckeye and the caterpillars feed on Wild Petunia (Ruellia sp.) and Plantain (Plantago sp.), among a few other species, both of which we now have in our yard. Here the adult is nectaring at Hairy Elephant's Foot (Elephantopus tomentosus).
Are my husband and I making a difference? Yes, I know we are.
From rarely seeing any insects when we first moved in (fall 2019), to documenting over 550 species of animals in the yard during the last 2 years, it's obvious that our yard is now supporting much more biodiversity. The majority of those newly documented species are the all important insects. Does that mean we are overrun with "bugs"? Not at all! I actually have to look hard to see many of the insects living here. A huge proportion of insects, it turns out, are predators on other insects, working to keep our little ecosystem balanced and functioning smoothly.
Not only are we making a visible difference through our choices, this is frankly fun. We see small iridescent green bees and big yellow striped swallowtails, robber flies and lacewings, tree frogs and skinks. A wide variety of birds hang out in our yard, providing a background chorus for much of the year. Our grandsons are becoming excellent birders and sharp observers of the natural world.
We can't save the entire world by ourselves, but we can do our best to save our little corner of it. The more of us working together on wildlife gardening, even rewilding, the larger our impact will be.
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